Misinformation has become one of the defining concerns of the digital age, but for all the public worry, there is surprisingly little agreement about what the term actually covers. In a recent effort to map the expert landscape, researchers surveyed 150 academic specialists across political science, psychology, communication, sociology, and computational science. They asked how misinformation should be defined, why people believe and share it, what works against it, and where the field should go next. The results paint a picture of broad consensus on some points, sharp disagreement on others, and a clear sense that the conversation needs to…

In today’s world, terrorism is no longer just about bombs, bullets, and battlefields. It has become a battle for hearts and minds, a struggle fought through the news we read, the videos we watch, and the messages that race across our phones. In Pakistan, this reality is especially clear as security forces work to counter the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan, a group the government has labeled Fitna al-Khawarij, a term meant to connect them to a historical tradition of rebellion and division. These militants have not only used violence to achieve their aims; they have also learned how to weaponize information. They…